Interior of Earth

The Earth have following layers:

1. Crust

2. Mantle

3. Core

Crust is the uppermost layer of the Earth. Its total thickness varies from 30-50 km. Its main constituents are Silicon and Aluminium and hence also called SIAL. There are 2 types of Crust- Continental and Oceanic. Continental Crust is thicker than Oceanic Crust. Thickness of Continental crust varies from 50-70 Km and that of Oceanic crust varies from 5-30 Km. Crust is further divided into Upper and Inner Crust. The discontinuity b/w Upper and Inner crust is known as Conard discontinuity.

Below the Crust, the Mantle extends to a depth of 2900 km. The main constituents of Mantle are Silicon and Magnesium and hence it is also called SIMA. It is further divided into Upper and lower mantle. Together the Crust and upper part of Mantle which is in solid state, form 'Lithosphere'. Lithosphere floats over a highly viscous substance called Asthenosphere. Asthenosphere is main source of magma. The discontinuity b/w Crust and Upper mantle is called Moho discontinuity. The discontinuity b/w Upper mantle and lower mantle is called Repetti Discontinuity.

The innermost part is called Core. It is made of mainly Iron(Fe) and Nickel(Ni) and hence also called NiFe. It is further divided into Outer core and Inner Core. The outer core is in liquid or semi-liquid state because of extremely high temperature. The inner core is in solid state. The reason for it being in solid state despite so high temperature is that the pressure in this region also becomes very high. This increased pressure increases the melting point of rocks and hence they cannot by melted. So the inner core remains in solid state. The discontinuity b/w lower mantle and core is called Guttenberg discontinuity. The discontinuity b/w outer core and inner core is called Lehmann discontinuity.

Trick to remember Discontinuities:

Starting from the top the layers we have are-

Upper crust, Lower crust, Upper Mantle, Lower Mantle, Outer Core, Inner Core

So the discontinuities can be remembered by following line-

CM of Rajasthan is GehLot.

Where C is Conard, M is Moho, R is Repetti, G is Guttenberg and L is Lehmann.

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Tribes in India(Tricks to remember Tribes in India)

1. Andhra Pradesh: Andh, Sadhu Andh, Bhagata, Bhil, Chenchus, Gadabas, Gond, Goundu, Jatapus, Kammara, Kattunayakan, Kolawar, Kolam, Konda, Manna Dhora, Pradhan, Rona, Savaras, Dabba Yerukula, Nakkala, Dhulia, Thoti, Sugalis. Trick to remember: Andhere Pradesh mein ek Nayak ki jaroorat hai. Jackie Chen(chenchus) Nayak( Kattunayakan) hai. Wo ek village se Sugandha(sugalis) ko Kundi (konda) todkar horse pe Savari kar k Bhaga(Bhagata) le gya to Village k Pradhan ne War(kolwar) shuru kar di kyuki Jackie Chen dusri Jati (Jatapus) k hai. Raste mein Jackie Chen ko ek Andha Sadhu Dhoti (Thoti) pehne hue Dhul (dhulia) mein gira hua milta hai. Andhe Sadhu ki kamar(Kammara) mein dard tha jiski wajah se wo RONe (Rona) laga. Jackie Chen ne apne DABBe (Dabba Yerukula) mein se Bhel Nikal( Bhil, Nakkal) kar Sadhu ko khane ko di. Badle mein Sadhu ne Jackie Chen ko ek Kalam (Kolam) gift ki aur Mann(Manna Dhora) mein dhanyawad dia aur GOD(Gond, Goundu) ki blessing di.

Latitudes and Longitudes

Latitudes and Longitudes are used for specifying location of a point on Earth's surface. Latitudes are measured in respect of Equator. Equator itself is a latitude and is largest of all latitudes. The length of latitudes keeps decreasing as we move from equator to poles. It ranges from 0 degrees to 90 degrees (North and South). The latitude of any point on earth's surface can be known by measuring the angle b/w the line joining that point with Center of earth and the Equatorial Plane. Longitudes are measured in terms of Prime Meridian. Prime meridian is a longitude which passes through Greenwich, England and is assigned with 0 degree. Other Longitudes are measured with respect to it in East or West direction. It ranges from 0 degrees to 180 degrees (East or west). The longitude of a point on earth's surface can be known by measuring the angular distance b/w the longitude containing the point and the Prime Meridian. All longitudes are of equal lengths. Internation

Harappan Civilization

It was also known as Indus Valley Civilization (IVC). Harappan Civilization was of Indigenous origin which had gradually evolved. Initial communities of Mehrgarh etc. moved to fertile lands of Indus Valley. Surplus agriculture produce helped in development of other secondary activities. Gradually the population concentrated in the area leading to formation of Cities. Chalcolithic age helped in urbanization. Geographical extent of Harappan or IVC was as follows: In North- Manda in Jammu and Kashmir. In South- Diamabad in Maharashtra. In East- Alamgirpur in Uttar Pradesh. In West- Sutkagendor in Pakistan. Features of Harappan Civilization: 1. It was Indegenous. 2. It was urban and had urban institutions like citadel. 3. People were literate. Script was found however in could not deciphered yet. 4. It was an evolved society because means of entertainment like toys, chess, etc. found. 5. It was a multiclass society. There were artisans, merchants, traders, craftsmen etc. 6.

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