Education

It was also known as Indus Valley Civilization (IVC). Harappan Civilization was of Indigenous origin which had gradually evolved. Initial communities of Mehrgarh etc. moved to fertile lands of Indus Valley. Surplus agriculture produce helped in development of other secondary activities. Gradually the population concentrated in the area leading to formation of Cities. Chalcolithic age helped in urbanization. Geographical extent of Harappan or IVC was as follows: In North- Manda in Jammu and Kashmir. In South- Diamabad in Maharashtra. In East- Alamgirpur in Uttar Pradesh. In West- Sutkagendor in Pakistan. Features of Harappan Civilization: 1. It was Indegenous. 2. It was urban and had urban institutions like citadel. 3. People were literate. Script was found however in could not deciphered yet. 4. It was an evolved society because means of entertainment like toys, chess, etc. found. 5. It was a multiclass society. There were artisans, merchants, traders, craftsmen etc. 6.

Time line for development of our civilization may be approximated as follows: 1. Paleolithic: 2 million BC -10000 BC 2. Mesolithic: 10000 BC - 8000 BC 3. Neolithic: 8000 BC to 3500 BC 4. Chalcolithic age: 3500 BC - 700 BC 5. Indus Valley Civilisation: 2800 BC - 1900 BC 6. Rigvedic Era: 1500-1100 BC 7. Later Vedic Era: 1000 - 600 BC 8. Mahajanapadas: 500-300 BC 9. Foreign rulers: 200 BC - 200 AD 10. Guptas- 300-500 AD 11. Harsha-600 AD 12. Prophet Muhammad-700 AD 13. Medieval era-800-1600 AD 14. Modern era-1700 AD onwards 1. Paleolithic Age: Stone tools used in this period were very basic and unrefined e.g. Axe and Chopper. People were nomads. Depended of hunting and food gathering. Agriculture was unknown. Fire was discovered. Important Sites- i. Hathnora Narmada Valley ii. Pallavaram, Chennai iii. Bhimbetka iv. Adamgarh v.  Soan or Sohan Valley, Punjab vi. Belan Valley , Mirzapur District, UP (near Allahabad) vii. Didwana, Raja